[enh] container: build with uv (#5199)

This commit replaces `pip` in container builds with `uv` pip compat
with a 1:1 parity. The only thing that changes is the installation speed of the
wheels, which seems to be considerably faster, although I haven't been able to
properly quantify this yet.

uv also gives us more tools to manage the cache. We can revert the prior cache
changes in `container.yml` as we won't have duplicated wheels anymore.

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